crash tenerife 1977

The C-130 transported all surviving and injured passengers from Tenerife to Las Palmas; many of the injured were taken from there to Air Force bases in the United States for further treatment. [22], Los Rodeos airport is at 633 meters (2,077 ft) above sea level, which gives rise to cloud behavior that differs from that at many other airports. Up until that point, aircrew and controllers should use the word "departure" in its place (e.g. "[4] Captain Veldhuyzen van Zanten interrupted the co-pilot's read-back with the comment, "We're going. The apparent hesitation of the flight engineer and the first officer to challenge Veldhuyzen van Zanten further. These include the Survival in the Sky episode "Blaming the Pilot", the Seconds From Disaster episode "Collision on the Runway", PBS's NOVA episode "The Deadliest Plane Crash" in 2006, the PBS special Surviving Disaster: How the Brain Works Under Extreme Duress (based on Amanda Ripley's book The Unthinkable: Who Survives When Disaster Strikes - and Why) in 2011, Destroyed in Seconds and an episode of the Canadian TV series Mayday (known by different names in different countries), namely the season 16 standard length episode "Disaster at Tenerife" with the earlier more in-depth 90-minute "Crash of the Century" being a spin-off. It happened more than four decades ago, but the Tenerife airport disaster in Spain is still the deadliest plane crash of all time. The crew asked for clarification and the controller responded emphatically by replying: "The third one, sir; one, two, three; third, third one." In support of this part of their response, the Dutch investigators pointed out that Pan Am's messages "No! Both planes, the KLM flight … There were two aircraft involved in the accident – KLM Flight 4805 and Pan Am Flight 1736, aircraft from the United States and the Netherlands respectively. Aircrash Confidential - Collisions Portrayed by unknown person The official investigation suggested that this might have been due not only to the captain's seniority in rank, but also to his being one of the most respected pilots working for the airline. [8] On August 2, 1970, in its first year of service, it also became the first 747 to be hijacked: en route between JFK and Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport in San Juan, Puerto Rico, it was diverted to José Martí International Airport in Havana, Cuba. The aircraft was a Boeing 747-206B, registration PH-BUF, named Rijn (Rhine). Both planes involved in the crash had been scheduled to depart from Las Palmas on the island of Gran Canaria. This particular aircraft had operated the inaugural 747 commercial flight on January 22, 1970. [6], The disaster had a lasting influence on the industry, highlighting in particular the vital importance of using standardized phraseology in radio communications. Runway collision at Los Rodeos Airport, Tenerife, 1977-03-27; 583 fatalities, "Tenerife crash" redirects here. This was one of the first accident investigations to include a study into the contribution of "human factors". Meurs had 9,200 flight hours, of which 95 hours were on the 747. Tenerife was an unscheduled stop for both flights. Tenerife Memorial. Cockpit procedures were also reviewed, contributing to the establishment of crew resource management as a fundamental part of airline pilots' training.[7]. The next cloud was 900 m (3,000 ft) down the runway and moving towards the aircraft at about 12 knots (14 mph; 22 km/h).[25]. Previously, the Pan Am had been called "Clipper one seven three six", using its proper callsign. [20], The angle of the third taxiway would have required the plane to perform a 148-degree turn, which would lead back toward the still-crowded main apron. Disaster on Tenerife: History’s Worst Airline Accident Stunned survivors mill about the burning wreckage of Pan American Boeing 747 Flight 1736 after it collided with another 747, KLM 4805, at Los Rodeos Airport on the island of Tenerife on March 27, 1977. Eh?" The Pan Am crew's transmission was "We're still taxiing down the runway, the Clipper 1736!" Some 583 people died or were mortally injured on March 27th 1977 after two Boeing 747 jumbo jets collided on a runway at Los Rodeos airport, Tenerife, in the Canary Islands, making this the world's worst civil aviation disaster. The world’s deadliest runway accident occurred on March 27, 1977, when Pan Am (PAA) flight 1736, a Boeing 747, and KLM4805, a Boeing 747, collided on runway 12 at Tenerife, Canary Islands, killing 583 passengers and crew. On 27 March 1977, when the Tenerife airport disaster occured, Victor Grubbs was the captain on board the Pan Am Flight 1736 747. This page was last edited on 15 February 2021, at 11:18. There is also a memorial at the Westminster Memorial Park and Mortuary in Westminster, California. [33], A simultaneous radio call from the Pan Am crew caused mutual interference on the radio frequency, which was audible in the KLM cockpit as a 3-second-long shrill sound (or heterodyne). On 27 March 1977, a Boeing 747-200 (PH-BUF) being operated by KLM on a passenger charter flight from Amsterdam to Las Palmas as KLM4805 and a Boeing 747-100 (N73PA) being operated by Pan American Airways on a passenger flight from Los Angeles to Las Palmas via New York as Clipper 1736 both diverted to Tenerife Los Rodeos when Las Palmas was unexpectedly and temporarily closed. The other 61 passengers and crew aboard the Pan Am aircraft survived, including the captain, first officer, and flight engineer. [24], Meanwhile, the KLM plane was still in good visibility, but with clouds blowing down the runway towards them. Additionally, an ATC clearance given to an aircraft already lined-up on the runway must be prefixed with the instruction "hold position". When it became clear that the KLM aircraft was approaching at takeoff speed, Captain Grubbs exclaimed, "Goddamn, that son-of-a-bitch is coming! Eventually, most of the survivors on the wing dropped to the ground below. The KLM jet was carrying 14 crew members and 235 passengers, including 52 children. Their destination was Gran Canaria Airport (also known as Las Palmas Airport or Gando Airport), serving Las Palmas on the nearby island of Gran Canaria. Either message, if heard in the KLM cockpit, would have alerted the crew to the situation and given them time to abort the takeoff attempt. Slaton was dispatched from Torrejon Air Base just outside of Madrid, Spain. Bragg had 10,800 flight hours, of which 2,796 hours were on the 747. 27 March 1977, at 13:15, a bomb exploded on the Las Palmas Airport. Both By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. 583 lives were lost when a KLM 747 collided with a Pan Am 747 at Tenerife’s Los Rodeos Airport (TFN). The remains of the KLM jumbo jet that collided with a Pan Am Jumbo at Los Rodeos airport, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Mar. Many survivors escaped from a hole near the plane’s left wing. Some experts speculated that the KLM plane had begun its takeoff without proper clearance, though a number of factors, including foggy weather and unusual airport traffic conditions, likely played a role in the disaster. and "We are still taxiing down the runway, the Clipper 1736!" This message was also blocked by the interference and inaudible to the KLM crew. At 2:00 in the afternoon, a thick fog rolled into the usually quiet Los Rodeos Airport in Tenerife, in the Canary Islands. In desperation, the pilots prematurely rotated the aircraft and attempted to clear the Pan Am by lifting off, causing a 22 m (72 ft) tailstrike. [12], Both flights had been routine until they approached the islands. In addition, neither of the aircraft could be seen from the control tower, and the airport was not equipped with ground radar. Bien que l'accident du 27 mars 1977 soit le plus connu, l'aéroport de Los Rodeos a connu deux autres accidents majeurs impliquant un nombre important de victimes : The aircraft was a Boeing 747-121, registration N736PA, named Clipper Victor. 27, 1977. Clouds at 600 m (2,000 ft) above ground level at the nearby coast are at ground level at Los Rodeos. On March 27, 1977, two Boeing 747 planes collided on the runway on the island of Tenerife in the Canary Islands. The tower instructed the KLM to taxi down the entire length of the runway and then make a 180-degree turn to get into takeoff position. The ALPA study group concluded that the KLM crew did not realize that the transmission "Papa Alpha one seven three six, report when runway clear" was directed at the Pan Am, because this was the first and only time the Pan Am was referred to by that name. Takeoff was delayed by an extra 35 minutes, allowing time for the fog to settle in; Over forty tons of additional weight was added to the aircraft. Warns had 15,210 flight hours, of which 559 hours were on the 747. On hearing this, the KLM flight engineer expressed his concern about the Pan Am not being clear of the runway by asking the pilots in his own cockpit, "Is he not clear, that Pan American?" The disaster has been featured in many TV shows and documentaries. Ring in the new year with a Britannica Membership, This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/event/Tenerife-airline-disaster, Smithsonian Channel - Air Disasters: Disaster at Tenerife. It appears that KLM's co-pilot was not as certain about take-off clearance as the captain. aviation disaster, Tenerife, Canary Islands [1977]. [2][3] Resulting in 583 fatalities, this accident is the deadliest in aviation history. when he spotted the KLM's landing lights through the fog just as his plane approached exit C-4. Because the flight crew was performing the checklist, copying the clearance was postponed until the aircraft was in takeoff position. 747 jumbo jet crash scene. However, a terrorist bombing there earlier in the day caused the planes to be diverted to the small Los Rodeos Airport on the island of Tenerife. On March 27th, 1977, a Boeing 747 of KLM Royal Dutch Airlines collided fatally with a 747 of Pan American Airlines on the runway of Los Rodeos International Airport on the Canary island of Tenerife. A terrorist incident at Gran Canaria Airport had caused many flights to be diverted to Los Rodeos, including the two aircraft involved in the accident. The right-side engines crashed through the Pan Am's upper deck immediately behind the cockpit. The KLM aircraft is ahead of the Pan Am aircraft (see Figure 1 below). Pan Am Flight 1736 had originated at Los Angeles International Airport, with an intermediate stop at New York's John F. Kennedy International Airport (JFK). The investigation concluded that the fundamental cause of the accident was that captain Veldhuyzen van Zanten attempted to take off without clearance. The plane immediately went into a stall, rolled sharply, and hit the ground approximately 150 m (500 ft) past the collision, sliding down the runway for a further 300 m (1,000 ft). The search for a missing Dutch family of four, who had not returned to the waiting KLM plane, delayed the flight even further. All 248 passengers and crew aboard the KLM plane died, as did 335 passengers and crew aboard the Pan Am plane,[37] primarily due to the fire and explosions resulting from the fuel spilled and ignited in the impact. The new crew consisted of Captain Victor Grubbs (age 56), First Officer Robert Bragg (39), Flight Engineer George Warns (46) and 13 flight attendants. Never was it imagined that two giant aircraft could ever collide with each other, yet it still happened. [10][38] KLM had suggested initially that Veldhuyzen van Zanten should help with the investigation, not realising that he was the KLM captain who had perished in the accident. Meurs then radioed the tower that they were "ready for takeoff" and "waiting for our ATC clearance". [66][67], In 2007, the 30th anniversary marked the first time that Dutch and American next-of-kin and aid helpers from Tenerife joined an international commemoration service, held at the Auditorio de Tenerife in Santa Cruz. [14], Los Rodeos was a regional airport that could not easily accommodate all of the traffic diverted from Gran Canaria, which included five large airliners. This course of action was later expanded into what is known today as crew resource management (CRM), training which is now mandatory for all airline pilots.[63][64]. 1977: Hundreds dead in Tenerife plane crash At least 560 people have died after two jumbo jets collided on a runway in the holiday destination of Tenerife. It remains the worlds deadliest air disaster. Most of the KLM passengers were Dutch; also on board were 4 Germans, 2 Austrians and 2 Americans. While waiting for Gran Canaria airport to reopen, the diverted airplanes took up so much space that they were having to park on the long taxiway, making it unavailable for the purpose of taxiing. Corrections? From the people who made punctuality possible", "Canary Island Separatist Says Group Planted Bomb But Did Not Cause Crash", "Experts converge on Canaries to probe plane crash", "Desert Sun 29 March 1977 — California Digital Newspaper Collection", "30 Mar 1977, Page 4 - The Naples Daily News", "The Deadliest Plane Crash - The Final Eight Minutes", "Final report and comments of the Netherlands Aviation Safety Board", "The Vulnerable System: An Analysis of the Tenerife Air Disaster", "World's deadliest airline disaster occurred 36 years ago today", "Tenerife Disaster – 27 March 1977: The Utility of the Swiss Cheese Model & other Accident Causation Frameworks", "The Evolution of Crew Resource Management Training in Commercial Aviation", "Tenerife North airport will get a new control tower, more than 30 years after world's biggest air disaster", "Around the Ranch: All about Battle Mountain", "Rancho Bernardo cross undergoes repairs", "COMUNICADO: Monumento International Tenerife Memorial donado al Cabildo; avanzan los trabajos de cimentación en la Mesa Mota", "San Jose Inside – Dutch Hamann – Part 2", "Incident: China Eastern A333 at Shanghai on Oct 11th 2016, runway incursion forces departure to rotate early and climb over A333", Survivor remembers deadliest aviation disaster in Tenerife, Official Spanish and Dutch accident reports, A-102/1977 y A-103/1977 Accidente Ocurrido el 27 de Marzo de 1977 a las Aeronaves Boeing 747, Matrícula PH-BUF de K.L.M. Later, just as KLM flight 4805 prepared to take off from the single airstrip at Los Rodeos, the plane barreled into Pan American World Airways (Pan Am) flight 1736, which had been taxiing toward takeoff at the same time. (Originally published by the Daily News on March 29, 1977.) While the events in Tenerife on March 27, 1977, left the bloodiest mark in aviation's history, it also left a long-standing legacy that improved the safety of everyone onboard an aircraft. Tenerife airline disaster, runway collision of two Boeing 747 passenger airplanes in the Canary Islands on March 27, 1977, that killed more than 580 people. At least 330 people on the Pan Am plane died, but more than 60, including the pilot, survived the impact and fire. [48] The Netherlands Department of Civil Aviation published a response that, while accepting that the KLM captain had taken off "prematurely", argued that he alone should not be blamed for the "mutual misunderstanding" that occurred between the controller and the KLM crew, and that limitations of using radio as a means of communication should have been given greater consideration. Its nose landing gear cleared the Pan Am, but its left-side engines, lower fuselage, and main landing gear struck the upper right side of the Pan Am's fuselage,[10] ripping apart the center of the Pan Am jet almost directly above the wing. Victor Franklin Grubbs (b. Tenerife airline disaster, runway collision of two Boeing 747 passenger airplanes in the Canary Islands on March 27, 1977, that killed more than 580 people. Legacy of the deadliest aviation crash in 1977 March 27, 1977 is a date permanently etched in aviation history. The airport was forced to accommodate a great number of large aircraft due to rerouting from the terrorist incident, resulting in disruption of the normal use of taxiways. Because of that, parking area in Los Rodeos was filled with other planes, diverted from Las Palmas. [13] There had been a phone call warning of the bomb, and another call received soon afterwards made claims of a second bomb at the airport. Captain Veldhuyzen van Zanten, a KLM training captain and instructor for over ten years, had not flown on regular routes during the twelve weeks prior to the accident. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Initially, the crew was unclear as to whether the controller had told them to take the first or third exit. Aviation authorities around the world introduced requirements for standard phrases and a greater emphasis on English as a common working language. Five hundred and eighty-three people lost their lives; only 61 survived the air disaster. At the time of the accident, Veldhuyzen van Zanten was KLM's chief flight instructor, with 11,700 flight hours, of which 1,545 hours were on the 747. [44] By March 30, a small plane shuttle service was approved, but large jets still could not land. About two months before the accident, he had conducted the Boeing 747 qualification check on the co-pilot of Flight 4805. Meurs read the flight clearance back to the controller, completing the readback with the statement: "We are now at takeoff. [21] The official report from the Spanish authorities explained that the controller instructed the Pan Am aircraft to use the third taxiway because this was the earliest exit that they could take to reach the unobstructed section of the parallel taxiway. Tenerife Airport, Canary Island. Immediately after lining up, the KLM captain advanced the throttles and the aircraft started to move forward. Interference from simultaneous radio transmissions, with the result that it was difficult to hear the message. The Pan Am crew replied: "OK, will report when we're clear." [10] The refueling took about 35 minutes, after which the passengers were brought back to the aircraft. The top part of the cockpit, where the engine switches were located, had been destroyed in the collision, and all control lines were severed, leaving no method for the flight crew to control the aircraft's systems. The airport at Santa Cruz de Tenerife in the Canary Islands is overflowing with airplanes. A study carried out by the Air Line Pilots Association (ALPA) after the accident concluded that making the second 148-degree turn at the end of taxiway C-3 would have been "a practical impossibility". A tour guide had chosen not to reboard for the flight to Las Palmas, because she lived on Tenerife and thought it impractical to fly to Gran Canaria only to return to Tenerife the next day. The Pan Am's engines were still running for a few minutes after the accident despite first officer Bragg's intention to turn them off. [6] The sum of settlements for property and damages was $110 million (or $464 million today),[51] an average of $189,000 (or $797,000 today) per victim, due to limitations imposed by European Compensation Conventions in effect at the time. The monument was designed by Dutch sculptor Rudi van de Wint.[68]. What was described as the deadliest air crash in history happened on March 27, 1977, when two Boeing 747 passenger jets collided on the runway at Los Rodeos Airport (now known as Tenerife North Airport), on the island of Tenerife, Spain. When it re-opened, both aircraft taxied for their flights to Las Palmas in succession but the KLM aircraft began tak… The Pan Am crew appeared to remain unsure of their position on the runway until the collision, which occurred near the intersection with the fourth taxiway (C-4). The investigators suggested the reason for this was a desire to leave as soon as possible in order to comply with KLM's duty-time regulations (which went in place earlier that year) and before the weather deteriorated further. The control tower and the crews of both planes were unable to see one another. [18], The crew successfully identified the first two taxiways (C-1 and C-2), but their discussion in the cockpit indicated that they had not sighted the third taxiway (C-3), which they had been instructed to use. A Dutch national memorial and final resting place for the victims of the KLM plane is located in Amsterdam, at Westgaarde cemetery. The year was 1977, and the Boeing 747 was only in its eighth year of service with the world’s airlines, yet it was already the most glamourous commercial airliner ever built. [23], The Pan Am crew found themselves in poor and rapidly deteriorating visibility almost as soon as they entered the runway. Survivors waited for rescue, but it did not come promptly, as the firefighters were initially unaware that there were two aircraft involved and were concentrating on the KLM wreck hundreds of meters away in the thick fog and smoke. This caused the KLM crew to miss the crucial latter portion of the tower's response. March the 27, 1977 was Sunday. Both planes involved in the crash had been scheduled to depart from Las Palmas on the island of Gran Canaria. In March 1977, two jumbo jets collided at Tenerife Airport killing 583 people. The increased severity of the fire caused by the crash led ultimately to the deaths of all those on board. This portion of the transcript comes from the KLM cockpit voice recor… Just 61 people survived, all from the Pan Am jumbo jet. "cleared for takeoff" or "cancel takeoff clearance"). Tenerife plane collision caused partly by language barrier. Footage was included in the 1979 film Days of Fury, narrated by Vincent Price. At 13:15, a bomb planted by the separatist Canary Islands Independence Movement exploded in the terminal of Gran Canaria Airport, injuring eight people. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree.... Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. "[4], The controller, who could not see the runway due to the fog, initially responded with "OK" (terminology that is nonstandard), which reinforced the KLM captain's misinterpretation that they had takeoff clearance. The C-130 transport was arranged by Lt. Col Dr. James K. Slaton, who arrived before the crash investigators and started triaging surviving passengers. The following day, the Canary Islands Independence Movement, responsible for the bombing at Gran Canaria that started the chain of events that led to the disaster, denied responsibility for the accident. The aircraft completed its 180-degree turn in relatively clear weather and lined up on Runway 30. The authorities reopened Gran Canaria airport once the bomb threat had been contained. Other major factors contributing to the accident were: The following factors were considered contributing but not critical: The Dutch authorities were reluctant to accept the Spanish report blaming the KLM captain for the accident. [11] His photograph was used for publicity materials such as magazine advertisements, including the inflight magazine on board PH-BUF. [39], The following day, the Canary Islands Independence Movement, responsible for the bombing at Gran Canaria that started the chain of events that led to the disaster, denied responsibility for the accident. It's March 27, 1977. [10], Captain Veldhuyzen van Zanten was KLM's chief of flight training and one of their most senior pilots. [citation needed] Facts showed that there had been misinterpretations and false assumptions before the accident. Use of ambiguous non-standard phrases by the KLM co-pilot ("We're at take off") and the Tenerife control tower ("OK"). Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). The full load of fuel, which had caused the earlier delay, ignited immediately into a fireball that could not be subdued for several hours. [19] There were no markings or signs to identify the runway exits and they were in conditions of poor visibility. It was the worst crash in aviation history. The airport quickly became congested with parked airplanes blocking the only taxiway and forcing departing aircraft to taxi on the runway instead. … Omissions? "[36], Both airplanes were destroyed in the collision. The Pan Am aircraft had not left the runway at the third intersection. Two Boeing 747 crashed causing the death of 583 people. One of the inbound passengers, who lived on the island with her boyfriend, chose not to re-board the 747, leaving 234 passengers on board.[10][11]. The controller then immediately added "stand by for takeoff, I will call you",[4] indicating that he had not intended the instruction to be interpreted as a takeoff clearance. An explosion at a nearby airport had redirected air traffic to the undermanned airfield this island. At 4:58 p.m. on March 27, 1977, when this transcript begins, the KLM and Pan Am 747s are both in queue to taxi down the runway and turn around for takeoff. KLM Flight 4805 was a charter flight for Holland International Travel Group and had arrived from Amsterdam Airport Schiphol, Netherlands. Get off! The International Tenerife Memorial March 27, 1977, was inaugurated at the Mesa Mota on March 27, 2007. Both planes got diverted to Tenerife According to the ALPA report, as the Pan Am aircraft taxied to the runway, the visibility was about 500 m (1,600 ft). However, a terrorist bombing there earlier in the day caused the planes to be diverted to the small Los Rodeos Airport on the island of Tenerife. Patches of thick fog were drifting across the airfield, hence visibility was greatly reduced for pilots and the control tower. The transmission from the tower in which the controller passed KLM their ATC clearance was ambiguous and could have been interpreted as also giving take-off clearance. Advertisement. The KLM plane remained briefly airborne, but the impact had sheared off the outer left engine, caused significant amounts of shredded materials to be ingested by the inner left engine, and damaged the wings. [4] Dutch investigators placed a greater emphasis on a mutual misunderstanding in radio communications between the KLM crew and ATC,[5] but ultimately KLM admitted that their crew was responsible for the accident and the airline agreed to financially compensate the relatives of all of the victims. The Pan Am aircraft was unable to maneuver around the refueling KLM in order to reach the runway for takeoff, due to a lack of safe clearance between the two planes, which was just 3.7 meters (12 ft). Most of the survivors on the Pan Am walked out onto the intact left wing, the side away from the collision, through holes in the fuselage structure. [4] By the time the KLM pilots saw the Pan Am aircraft, they were already traveling too fast to stop. Veldhuyzen van Zanten emphatically replied "Oh, yes" and continued with the takeoff.[35]. In particular, the Dutch response pointed out that: Although the Dutch authorities were initially reluctant to blame captain Veldhuyzen van Zanten and his crew,[5][50] the airline ultimately accepted responsibility for the accident. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Five hundred and … [32] First officer Meurs advised him that ATC clearance had not yet been given, and captain Veldhuyzen van Zanten responded: "No, I know that. After the aircraft landed at Tenerife, the passengers were transported to the airport terminal. The Pan Am plane was ready to depart from Tenerife, but access to the runway was obstructed by the KLM plane and a refueling vehicle; the KLM captain had decided to fully refuel at Los Rodeos instead of Las Palmas, apparently to save time. This film reconstructs the moments leading up to the tragedy. The sudden fog greatly limited visibility. Ziomek spoke with Air & Space senior associate editor Diane Tedeschi in April. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. On that case, everybody from the terminal was evacuated. Had the plane turned at the third exit as instructed, the collision would not have occurred. The first crash investigators to arrive at Tenerife the day after the crash travelled there by way of a three-hour boat ride from Las Palmas. Get off!" Mar 29, 2017 at 12:33 PM . The force from the crash tore through the fuselage of the Pan Am plane, and both aircraft exploded into flames. This terrible crash came just three years after another even deadlier accident at the Canary Islands airport. Neither of the doomed planes should have been on Tenerife island on March 27, 1977 but as fate had it, they were. For other crashes, see, Wreckage of the KLM aircraft on the runway, Aviation accidents and incidents in Spain, CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2021 (, CAP 413 Radio Telephony Manual (Edition 15), chapter 2 page 6, CAP 413 Radio Telephony Manual (Edition 15), chapter 4, page 6, paragraph 1.7.10, Comisión de Investigación de Accidentes e Incidentes de Aviación Civil, International Federation of Air Line Pilots' Associations, International Tenerife Memorial March 27, 1977, List of accidents and incidents involving commercial aircraft, "580 killed in history's worst air disaster", "How KLM accepted their responsibility for the accident", "The Cockpit, the Cabin, and Social Psychology", "Wreck of 747's Sets Back Cause Of Insurgents on Canary Islands", "The Tenerife Airport Disaster – the worst in aviation history", "Cockpit Voice Recorders: Transcripts: KLM 4805", "Advertisement: KLM.
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